Scandium recovery from raffinate copper leach solution as potential new source with ion exchange method

Raffinate copper leach solution of the Iran Sarcheshmeh copper complex has up to 3 mg/L scandium (Sc), which is significantly better than many existing sources, making it a possible source for the recovery of Sc using the ion exchange method. Visual Minteq software was employed to ascertain the ionic species likely to be formed under operational conditions in the mine and for selecting the suitable ion exchange resin. The cationic resin thus chosen was employed statically with ions-bearing synthesized solutions and statically/dynamically for actual copper mining raffinate solution. Room temperature and pH of 1.5 showed the highest Sc adsorption. The dynamic tests established the full saturation of the resin at 450 BV of the raffinate solution flow. Using sodium carbonate for elution, desorption of Sc, Y and Ce from the resin during static elution tests at constant duration was higher than that of Fe, Al and Cu. The results from the dynamic tests followed similar trends for the priority and the extent of the elution process. Desorption results from specimens of dynamic tests show a 60:1 concentration ratio leading to a 186 mg/L Sc-rich solution.     

Coherency strain induced hardening in bulk polycrystalline ceramics: A case study with MgO-based “ceramic alloys”

The role of coherency strain at the matrix/precipitate interface toward hardening of bulk polycrystalline “ceramic alloys” has been established here. Formation of “near ideal” bulk polycrystalline ceramic microstructure characterized by the presence of uniformly distributed coherent “ultra-fine” MgCr₂O₄ particles (size: ~25 nm) within matrix (MgO) grains was achieved via solid-state precipitation during aging treatment of bulk supersaturated MgO–Cr₂O₃ solid solutions (formed during pressureless sintering in air, followed by fast cooling). The as-aged MgO–MgCr₂O₄ “ceramic alloys” exhibited hardness increment by ~73% over that of phase pure bulk MgO upon aging for just 10 hours at 1000°C in air. Evidences toward the presence of significant coherency strains across the MgO/MgCr₂O₄ coherent interfaces were obtained with transmission electron microscopy. Analysis based on hardening mechanisms and comparisons with MgO–MgFe₂O₄ system, having lesser hardening due to lower misfit strain at MgO/MgFe₂O₄ coherent interfaces (despite greater content of second-phase particles), confirm the dominant role of coherency strains toward hardness enhancement in “ceramic alloys.”     

Influence of heat treatment on corrosion behaviors of 316L stainless steel in simulated cathodic environment of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)

The influences of two types of heat-treatments on the corrosion behavior of 316L SS in the simulated cathodic environment of PEMFC, are investigated using potentiodynamic curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky plot and auger electron spectroscopy (AES), respectively. The results show that 316L SS is in the passive state within the potential region from −0.1V_SCE to 0.8V_SCE in the simulated cathodic environment of PEMFC, and a passive film can be formed on 316L SS. The passivity of 316L SS in the simulated cathodic environment of PEMFC firstly increases and then degrades with the increased solid solution temperature or time, and the best passivity corresponds to the solid solution temperature at 1050 °C for 40 min among other solid solution treatments. While 316L SS heat-treated with the solid solution treatment at 1050 °C for 40 min plus aging treatment at 900 °C for 4 h, also has the best passivity in the same solution among other solid solution plus aging treatments. The best corrosion protection, lowest donor density and the highest thickness of the passive film corresponding to the solid solution temperature at 1050 °C for 40 min among other solid solution or solid solution plus aging heat treatments, and this treatment is mostly suitable for improving the anti-corrosion property of 316L SS in the simulated cathodic environment of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).     

An adaptive Kriging method with double sampling criteria applied to hydrogen preparation case

Kriging model has been widely used to approximate expensive black-box problems in many engineering design fields. How to choose an appropriate sampling strategy to produce new expensive updated points is crucial. For this purpose, an adaptive Kriging method with double sampling criteria (AKM-DSC) is proposed. During every iteration of it, maximum curvature criterion and maximum variance criterion based on Kriging model are respectively optimized by trust region (TR) strategy to produce two candidate points. And then, a new screening method is used to determine final expensive-evaluation points from the two candidates. The proposed method is compared with the two typical Kriging modeling methods. The comparison results of seventeen benchmark functions verify that the proposed method can generate higher accuracy Kriging model. Finally, a hydrogen preparation case illustrates the engineering application value of the AKM-DSC method.     

“We are All Refugees”: Camps and Informal Settlements as Converging Spaces of Global Displacements

ABSTRACT

This paper is in conversation with two important bodies of literature: one on informal settlements (informal and insurgent grassroots practices) and another on camps (spatial practices and governance of refugees). Reading inhabitants’ experiences in Korail, an informal settlement in Dhaka, Bangladesh, through the literature grounded in the experiences of refugees, we seek to contribute to the relational theorization of informal settlements and camps as an expanding and overlapping reality in the era of intensified global displacements. Weaving back and forth between the camp literature and Korail’s reality, we bring to light the comparable spatial practices and governance of the so-called citizens and the so-called stateless. We present the insights we gain from this analytical conversation under three organizing themes: experiential to highlight the precarious relationship of the two groups to citizenship and place, what we call a state of “citizenship in wait” and “in-situ displacement”; institutional to highlight the humanitarian matrices of care that provide governmental structures in both contexts; and micropolitical, to characterize dwellers’ contestations with state and humanitarian governance that constitute the processes of life-making in informal settlements, much as in the camps. Conceptually the paper lends a forceful voice to the mounting critiques of the state-centered canon in planning theories and the needed Southern turn in planning theorization. Politically, it lends a hand to the efforts of activists working to overcome exclusions and erasures that are endemic to the politics of citizenship, that pit refugees against the poor, and to gesture toward forging solidarities for a humane urbanism.     

W掺杂对Nb固溶体抗氢脆及透氢性能的改性研究

元素掺杂是消除Nb金属氢脆问题的有效方法。本文制备了W掺杂的Nb100-xWx (x=2,5,8,10,16)合金，采用XRD、SEM、Sieverts 气体吸附技术、电化学方法和三点弯曲试验研究了掺杂量对合金结构、氢化物形成焓、氢扩散系数和抗氢脆机械力学性能的影响。研究证实，熔炼制备Nb100-xWx为Nb-bcc结构的固溶体合金，W掺杂引起晶体结构畸变收缩，其畸变行为随掺杂量增大更为明显。Nb基固溶体在匀晶转变时存在非平衡转变，形成富W和贫W区相间分散的枝状结晶形貌。随W掺杂量增大，其枝状结构趋于更加细化和致密、分界明显。W掺杂引起合金的氢化物形成焓增大、有利于H原子的释放，Nb84W16合金样品具有最大的氢扩散系数（1.66×10-9 cm2·s-1），约是Nb98W2合金的1.8倍。W掺杂提高Nb100-xWx固溶体合金的抗氢脆性能，Nb84W16合金膜有最大的临界载荷值（78.4N）和最大位移量（0.83mm），分别是Nb98W2合金膜的1.9倍和1.8倍，力学性能的改善与其枝状结晶结构有关。     

利用“列表法”分析金属与盐溶液反应后的滤液滤渣

云南省初中学业水平考试中,有关金属与盐溶液反应后的滤液滤渣问题一直是学生的难点。结合金属活动性顺序,利用"列表法"分析,可将复杂问题简单化,将反应后的滤液滤渣成分直观展示出来,有效提高学生做题的准确性,特别对理解能力较弱的同学帮助很大。     

内热型超声雾化溶液再生系统最优内热量的研究

基于质量守恒、能量守恒定律，建立了内热型超声雾化溶液再生系统（IH-UARS）的再生性能预测模型并进行了充分的实验验证，通过研究不同内热量下IH-UARS的再生性能及其变化规律，寻求系统所需的最佳内热量并明确其可能的影响因素。结果表明：IH-UARS系统存在最优的内热量范围，使其再生系统性能最佳；所需最优内热量随着再生溶液流量增大呈显著的对数增长，但受空气流量的影响较弱；在该研究中的标准工况下，IH-UARS所需最优内热量约为275~350 W。此外研究发现：内热量的增长有益于促进初始浓度较高的溶液进一步浓缩再生，如当IH-UARS中内热量增至800 W时，其初始浓度为36%的溶液比24%的溶液浓度增量指标改善幅度高37%。研究所得结果可对提高溶液再生性能及经济性提供积极参考。     

基于稳定固溶体团簇模型的无扩散阻挡Cu合金薄膜的成分设计

随着超大规模集成电路的发展,器件特征尺寸不断缩小,必然会出现Cu互连扩散阻挡层厚度无法进一步减小等瓶颈问题。因此,开发新型无扩散阻挡层Cu合金薄膜(Cu种籽层)势在必行。该新型互连结构在长时间的中高温(400~500℃)后续工艺实施过程中,需同时具备高的稳定性(不发生互扩散反应)和低的电阻率。基于此,首先综述了目前无扩散阻挡层结构的研究现状及问题,然后对基于稳定固溶体团簇模型设计制备的无扩散阻挡Cu-Ni-M薄膜的研究工作进行了梳理,通过多系列薄膜微观结构、电阻率及稳定性的对比,深入探讨了第三组元M的选择原则及其对薄膜热稳定性的影响。为进一步验证稳定固溶体团簇模型的有效性,对第二组元的变化进行了相关讨论。结果证实,选取原子半径略大于Cu、难扩散且难溶的元素作为第三组元M,薄膜表现出良好的扩散阻挡能力;当M/Ni=1/12,即合金元素完全以团簇形式固溶于Cu基体时,薄膜综合性能达到最优,能够满足微电子行业的要求。所有研究表明,稳定固溶体团簇模型在无扩散阻挡层Cu合金薄膜的成分设计方面十分有效,该模型也有望在耐高温Cu合金及抗辐照材料成分设计方面推广使用。     

T4和T6热处理对Mg-2.5Zn-1.5Ca-0.22Zr合金组织和硬度的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和显微硬度仪等研究了T4和T6热处理对Mg-2.5Zn-1.5Ca-0.22Zr镁合金显微组织及硬度的影响。结果表明:Mg-2.5Zn-1.5Ca-0.22Zr镁合金经T4热处理之后,网状结构的β-Ca2Mg6Zn3相逐渐分解并转变为不规则的团聚的块状结构,MgZn2相逐渐溶解于α-Mg基体中,硬度比铸态时显著提高,达到63.87 HV;经过不同时间的T6热处理之后,MgZn2相从α-Mg基体中重新析出,球状的Mg2Ca中间化合物均匀的分布于晶粒内且发生明显长大。随着时效时间的延长,MgZn2相增多,对位错的钉扎增强,合金的硬度提高,在"峰时效"时的硬度达到64.97 HV。410℃×24 h固溶处理后150℃×8 h时效处理为Mg-2.5Zn-1.5Ca-0.22Zr镁合金的最佳热处理工艺。